Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War by Robert L. O'Connell (

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Intelligence analyst Robert L. O'Connell probes the distant human past to show how and why war arose, concluding that it is an invention--an institution that formed due to very specific historical circumstances. Fascinating and provocative, RIDE OF THE SECOND HORSEMAN offers a far-reaching tour of human history that suggests the ages-old cycles of war may be ending.

FORMATPaperback LANGUAGEEnglish CONDITIONBrand New Publisher Description

"Accurst be he that first invented war," wrote Christopher Marlowe--a declaration that most of us would take as a literary, not literal, construction. But in this sweeping overview of the rise of civilization, Robert O'Connell finds that war is indeed an invention--an institution that arose due to very specific historical circumstances, an institution that now verges on extinction. In Ride of the Second Horseman, O'Connell probes the distanthuman past to show how and why war arose. He begins with a definition that distinguishes between war and mere feuding: war involves group rather than individual issues, political or economic goals, and direction bysome governmental structure, carried out with the intention of lasting results. With this definition, he finds that ants are the only other creatures that conduct it--battling other colonies for territory and slaves. But ants, unlike humans, are driven by their genes; in humans, changes in our culture and subsistence patterns, not our genetic hardware, brought the rise of organized warfare. O'Connell draws on anthropology and archeology to locate the rise of war sometime after the humantransition from nomadic hunting and gathering to agriculture, when society split between farmers and pastoralists. Around 5500 BC, these pastoralists initiated the birth of war with raids on Middle Easternagricultural settlements. The farmers responded by ringing their villages with walls, setting off a process of further social development, intensified combat, and ultimately the rise of complex urban societies dependent upon warfare to help stabilize what amounted to highly volatile population structures, beset by frequent bouts of famine and epidemic disease. In times of overpopulation, the armies either conquered new lands or self-destructed, leaving fewer mouths to feed. In times ofunderpopulation, slaves were taken to provide labor. O'Connell explores the histories of the civilizations of ancient Sumeria, Egypt, Assyria, China, and the New World, showing how war came to each and how itadapted to varying circumstances. On the other hand, societies based on trade employed war much more selectively and pragmatically. Thus, Minoan Crete, long protected from marauding pastoralists, developed a wealthy mercantile society marked by unmilitaristic attitudes, equality between men and women, and a relative absence of class distinctions. In Assyria, by contrast, war came to be an end in itself, in a culture dominated by male warriors. Despite the violence in the world today,O'Connell finds reason for hope. The industrial revolution broke the old patterns of subsistence: war no longer serves the demographic purpose it once did. Fascinating and provocative, Ride of theSecond Horseman offers a far-reaching tour of human history that suggests the age-old cycle of war may now be near its end.

Author Biography

Robert L. O'Connell is a senior intelligence analyst with the National Ground Intelligence Center, and a contributing editor of MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History. His previous publications include Of Arms and Men and Sacred Vessels. He lives in Ivy, Virginia.

Review

"A thoroughly provocative, readable and absorbing study which makes [the] reader reflect on man's motivations....Read his book for pleasure and wisdom."--The Washington Post"A wonderfully original book on war, a genuinely synthetic argument that weaves together ideas from a wide array of disciplines. It deserves to be read and pondered."--Times Literary Supplement"[An] interesting study of why people have gone to war over the years."--Star-Ledger"Exhaustive and superb analysis....Thoughtful, well-written....Highly recommended."--Library Journal"Intelligently speculative, and passionately humane--and entertaining--as Arthur C. Clark's 2001: Our Childhood's End, but it is made out of real history."--John Casey, author of Spartina and recipient of the National Book Award"This highly fascinating study of the origins of war weaves biological, psychological, anthropological, and archeological discoveries into an original history of organized fighting. The author finds the central pillar of war in the rise of agricultural communities with their accumulting lands and wealth that invited marauders and ultimately invasions of huge armies and empire builders. At the end changes in demography, economic organization, and weaponryeliminated much of the rationale and taste for war. The long passage from prehistoric raids of horsemen to nuclear war is, in O'Connell's hands, an intriguing and enlightening venture."--Norman A. Graebner,Professor of History and Public Affairs, University of Virginia

Promotional

"Provocative."--The Washington Post

Long Description

"Accurst be he that first invented war," wrote Christopher Marlowe--a declaration that most of us would take as a literary, not literal, construction. But in this sweeping overview of the rise of civilization, Robert O'Connell finds that war is indeed an invention--an institution that arose due to very specific historical circumstances, an institution that now verges on extinction. In Ride of the Second Horseman, O'Connell probes the distanthuman past to show how and why war arose. He begins with a definition that distinguishes between war and mere feuding: war involves group rather than individual issues, political or economic goals, and direction by some governmental structure, carried out with the intention of lasting results. With thisdefinition, he finds that ants are the only other creatures that conduct it--battling other colonies for territory and slaves. But ants, unlike humans, are driven by their genes; in humans, changes in our culture and subsistence patterns, not our genetic hardware, brought the rise of organized warfare. O'Connell draws on anthropology and archeology to locate the rise of war sometime after the human transition from nomadic hunting and gathering to agriculture, when society split between farmersand pastoralists. Around 5500 BC, these pastoralists initiated the birth of war with raids on Middle Eastern agricultural settlements. The farmers responded by ringing their villages with walls, setting off a process of further social development, intensified combat, and ultimately the rise ofcomplex urban societies dependent upon warfare to help stabilize what amounted to highly volatile population structures, beset by frequent bouts of famine and epidemic disease. In times of overpopulation, the armies either conquered new lands or self-destructed, leaving fewer mouths to feed. In times of underpopulation, slaves were taken to provide labor. O'Connell explores the histories of the civilizations of ancient Sumeria, Egypt, Assyria, China, and the New World, showing how war came toeach and how it adapted to varying circumstances. On the other hand, societies based on trade employed war much more selectively and pragmatically. Thus, Minoan Crete, long protected from marauding pastoralists, developed a wealthy mercantile society marked by unmilitaristic attitudes, equalitybetween men and women, and a relative absence of class distinctions. In Assyria, by contrast, war came to be an end in itself, in a culture dominated by male warriors. Despite the violence in the world today, O'Connell finds reason for hope. The industrial revolution broke the old patterns of subsistence: war no longer serves the demographic purpose it once did. Fascinating and provocative, Ride of the Second Horseman offers a far-reaching tour of human history thatsuggests the age-old cycle of war may now be near its end.

Review Text

"A thoroughly provocative, readable and absorbing study which makes [the] reader reflect on man's motivations....Read his book for pleasure and wisdom."--The Washington Post"A wonderfully original book on war, a genuinely synthetic argument that weaves together ideas from a wide array of disciplines. It deserves to be read and pondered."--Times Literary Supplement"[An] interesting study of why people have gone to war over the years."--Star-Ledger"A thoroughly provocative, readable, and absorbing study."--The Washington Post"A wonderfully original book on war."--Times Literary Supplement"[An] interesting study of why people have gone to war over the years."--Star-Ledger"Exhaustive and superb analysis....Thoughtful, well-written....Highly recommended."--Library Journal"Intelligently speculative, and passionately humane--and entertaining--as Arthur C. Clark's 2001: Our Childhood's End, but it is made out of real history."--John Casey, author of Spartina and recipient of the National Book Award"This highly fascinating study of the origins of war weaves biological, psychological, anthropological, and archeological discoveries into an original history of organized fighting. The author finds the central pillar of war in the rise of agricultural communities with their accumulting lands and wealth that invited marauders and ultimately invasions of huge armies and empire builders. At the end changes in demography, economic organization, and weaponryeliminated much of the rationale and taste for war. The long passage from prehistoric raids of horsemen to nuclear war is, in O'Connell's hands, an intriguing and enlightening venture."--Norman A. Graebner, Professor of History and Public Affairs, University of Virginia

Review Quote

this is a wonderfully original book on war, a genuinely synthetic argument that weaves together ideas from a wide array of disciplines. It deserves to be read and pondered.

Feature

"Provocative."--The Washington Post

Details ISBN0195119207 Author Robert L. O'Connell Short Title RIDE OF THE SECOND HORSEMAN Pages 320 Language English ISBN-10 0195119207 ISBN-13 9780195119206 Media Book Format Paperback DEWEY 355.02 Residence US Illustrations black & white illustrations Subtitle The Birth and Death of War Imprint Oxford University Press Inc Place of Publication New York Country of Publication United States DOI 10.1604/9780195119206 UK Release Date 1999-02-04 AU Release Date 1999-02-04 NZ Release Date 1999-02-04 US Release Date 1999-02-04 Edited by Wallis C Baxter III Birth 1980 Death 1921 Affiliation Lecturer in Classics, Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford Position Professor of History Qualifications Sir Publisher Oxford University Press Inc Year 1999 Publication Date 1999-02-04 Alternative 9780195326871 Audience Professional & Vocational We've got this

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